Asociación entre la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y el cáncer de mama / Association between neurofibromatosis type 1 and breast cancer

La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1) o enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen es un trastorno hereditario caracterizado por la aparición de lesiones en la piel y por un mayor riesgo de neoplasias tanto benignas como malignas, siendo las más frecuentes los gliomas intracraneales. Está demostrado que las pacientes menores de 50 años con NF1 pueden tener entre 5 y 11 veces aumentado el riesgo de padecer cáncer de mama. Presentamos el caso de una paciente portadora de la mutación diagnosticada de cáncer de mama unilateral tratada en nuestro centro. Para ello realizamos una actualización y revisión de la asociación entre la NF1 y el cáncer de mama. (AU)

Type I neurofibromatosis (NF1) or von Recklinghausen’s disease is a hereditary disease characterized by skin lesions and increased risk of benign and malignant tumors, especially intracranial gliomas. Patients younger than 50 with NF1 have increased risk of breast cancer. Here we present a case of a NF1 patient diagnosed with unilateral breast cancer at our institution. We also review the evidence of the association between NF1 and breast cancer. (AU)

Cronología del diagnóstico de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 en la infancia / Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Diagnostic Timelines in Children

Antecedentes y objetivos El diagnóstico de la neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) plantea dificultades en niños sin antecedentes familiares durante la primera infancia. En este estudio pretendemos estimar la demora diagnóstica de los pacientes sin antecedentes familiares de NF1 y definir la repercusión de considerar las manchas café con leche y las efélides como un único criterio diagnóstico. Pacientes y métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se revisaron los hitos diagnósticos de la NF1 en las historias clínicas de los pacientes menores de 18 años atendidos en nuestro centro. Distribuimos a los pacientes en dos grupos en función de la existencia de antecedentes de NF1 entre sus progenitores, considerando las manchas café con leche y las efélides como un único criterio y aceptando el estudio genético como criterio de confirmación en casos de elevada sospecha. Resultados Se incluyeron en el estudio 108 menores con diagnóstico de NF1. La edad media de diagnóstico en nuestra serie fue de 3,94 años (desviación estándar:±3,8 años). En el grupo 1, sin antecedentes, la edad media de diagnóstico fue de 4 años y 8 meses, mientras que en el grupo 2, con antecedentes, fue de 12 meses, siendo la demora en el diagnóstico de 3 años y 8 meses entre ambos grupos. Conclusión Las lesiones cutáneas representan, en la mayoría de los casos, las primeras manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Consideramos necesaria la actualización de los criterios diagnósticos del NIH con el fin de facilitar el diagnóstico en los primeros años de vida (AU)

background and objectives The neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) diagnosis is challenging in young children without a family history of NF1. The aims of this study were to estimate diagnostic delays in children without a family history of NF1 and to examine the effects of using café au lait macules and skin fold freckling as a single diagnostic criterion. Patients and methods Retrospective, descriptive, observational study of all patients diagnosed with NF1 before the age of 18 years who were seen at our hospital. The medical records of those included were reviewed to identify the date on which the diagnostic criteria of NF1 were objectified. The patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with a known parental history of NF1 and those without. Café au lait macules and skin fold freckling were assessed as a single diagnostic criterion, and genetic evidence was considered to confirm highly suspicious cases. Results We studied 108 patients younger than the age of 18 years with a diagnosis of NF1. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 3.94 (±3.8) years for the overall group, 1 year for patients with a parental history of NF1, and 4 years and 8 months for those without. Diagnosis was therefore delayed by 3 years and 8 months in patients without a family history. Conclusion Skin lesions were the first clinical manifestation of NF1 in most patients. We believe that the National Institutes of Health's diagnostic criteria for NF1 should be updated to aid diagnosis in young children (AU)

[Translated article] Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Diagnostic Timelines in Children / Cronología del diagnóstico de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 en la infancia

background and objectives The neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) diagnosis is challenging in young children without a family history of NF1. The aims of this study were to estimate diagnostic delays in children without a family history of NF1 and to examine the effects of using café au lait macules and skin fold freckling as a single diagnostic criterion. Patients and methods Retrospective, descriptive, observational study of all patients diagnosed with NF1 before the age of 18 years who were seen at our hospital. The medical records of those included were reviewed to identify the date on which the diagnostic criteria of NF1 were objectified. The patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with a known parental history of NF1 and those without. Café au lait macules and skin fold freckling were assessed as a single diagnostic criterion, and genetic evidence was considered to confirm highly suspicious cases. Results We studied 108 patients younger than the age of 18 years with a diagnosis of NF1. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 3.94 (±3.8) years for the overall group, 1 year for patients with a parental history of NF1, and 4 years and 8 months for those without. Diagnosis was therefore delayed by 3 years and 8 months in patients without a family history. Conclusion Skin lesions were the first clinical manifestation of NF1 in most patients. We believe that the National Institutes of Health's diagnostic criteria for NF1 should be updated to aid diagnosis in young children (AU)

Antecedentes y objetivos El diagnóstico de la neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) plantea dificultades en niños sin antecedentes familiares durante la primera infancia. En este estudio pretendemos estimar la demora diagnóstica de los pacientes sin antecedentes familiares de NF1 y definir la repercusión de considerar las manchas café con leche y las efélides como un único criterio diagnóstico. Pacientes y métodos Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se revisaron los hitos diagnósticos de la NF1 en las historias clínicas de los pacientes menores de 18 años atendidos en nuestro centro. Distribuimos a los pacientes en dos grupos en función de la existencia de antecedentes de NF1 entre sus progenitores, considerando las manchas café con leche y las efélides como un único criterio y aceptando el estudio genético como criterio de confirmación en casos de elevada sospecha. Resultados Se incluyeron en el estudio 108 menores con diagnóstico de NF1. La edad media de diagnóstico en nuestra serie fue de 3,94 años (desviación estándar:±3,8 años). En el grupo 1, sin antecedentes, la edad media de diagnóstico fue de 4 años y 8 meses, mientras que en el grupo 2, con antecedentes, fue de 12 meses, siendo la demora en el diagnóstico de 3 años y 8 meses entre ambos grupos. Conclusión Las lesiones cutáneas representan, en la mayoría de los casos, las primeras manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Consideramos necesaria la actualización de los criterios diagnósticos del NIH con el fin de facilitar el diagnóstico en los primeros años de vida (AU)

Neurofibromatosis Type 1: Diagnostic Timelines in Children. / Cronología del diagnóstico de la neurofibromatosis tipo 1 en la infancia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) diagnosis is challenging in young children without a family history of NF1. The aims of this study were to estimate diagnostic delays in children without a family history of NF1 and to examine the effects of using café au lait macules and skin fold freckling as a single diagnostic criterion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective, descriptive, observational study of all patients diagnosed with NF1 before the age of 18 years who were seen at our hospital. The medical records of those included were reviewed to identify the date on which the diagnostic criteria of NF1 were objectified. The patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with a known parental history of NF1 and those without. Café au lait macules and skin fold freckling were assessed as a single diagnostic criterion, and genetic evidence was considered to confirm highly suspicious cases. RESULTS: We studied 108 patients younger than the age of 18 years with a diagnosis of NF1. Mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 3.94 (±3.8) years for the overall group, 1 year for patients with a parental history of NF1, and 4 years and 8 months for those without. Diagnosis was therefore delayed by 3 years and 8 months in patients without a family history. CONCLUSION: Skin lesions were the first clinical manifestation of NF1 in most patients. We believe that the National Institutes of Health's diagnostic criteria for NF1 should be updated to aid diagnosis in young children.

Protocolo de diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes adultos con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 en una unidad de referencia española / Diagnostic and follow-up protocol for adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in a Spanish reference unit

La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 es uno de los trastornos genéticos neurocutáneos más frecuentes. La característica de esta enfermedad es la afectación cutánea en forma de manchas «café con leche», efélides y los característicos neurofibromas cutáneos. Otras manifestaciones frecuentes incluyen las alteraciones óseas, la «vasculopatía por neurofibromatosis tipo 1» y los problemas neurocognitivos. Además, los pacientes tienen más riesgo de padecer una gran variedad de neoplasias malignas, incluida la transformación maligna de neurofibromas plexiformes. Para ser capaces de brindar una atención óptima a estos pacientes, que presentan una afectación multisistémica y potencialmente grave, es necesario conocer las diversas características clínicas de este trastorno, así como propiciar un seguimiento y abordaje terapéutico precoz y multidisciplinar. En esta revisión, resumimos el diagnóstico, las principales características clínicas y proponemos un protocolo de cribado y seguimiento de pacientes adultos con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (AU)

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is one of the most common genetic neurocutaneous disorders. The hallmark of this disease is skin lesions in the form of café-au-lait spots, ephelides, and the characteristic cutaneous neurofibromas. Other common manifestations include bone abnormalities, «neurofibromatosis type 1 vasculopathy», and neurocognitive disorders. In addition, patients are at an increased risk for a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, including the malignant transformation of plexiform neurofibromas. It is necessary to know the various clinical characteristics of this disorder and to provide an early, multidisciplinary follow-up and treatment approach in order to provide optimal care to these patients, who present with a multisystemic disease that is potentially severe. This review summarizes the diagnosis and main clinical characteristics and suggests a protocol for screening and follow-up of adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (AU)

Diagnostic and follow-up protocol for adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 in a Spanish reference unit.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most common genetic neurocutaneous disorders. The hallmark of this disease is skin lesions in the form of café-au-lait spots, ephelides, and the characteristic cutaneous neurofibromas. Other common manifestations include bone abnormalities, "NF1 vasculopathy," and neurocognitive disorders. In addition, patients are at an increased risk for a wide variety of malignant neoplasms, including the malignant transformation of plexiform neurofibromas. It is necessary to know the various clinical characteristics of this disorder and to provide an early, multidisciplinary follow-up and treatment approach in order to provide optimal care to these patients, who present with a multisystemic disease that is potentially severe. This review summarizes the diagnosis and main clinical characteristics and suggests a protocol for screening and follow-up of adult patients with NF1.

Caso Clínico: Neurofibromatosis Tipo 1, resolución quirúrgica / Case Report: Neurofibromatos Type 1, Surgical Management

INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurofibromatosis tipo 1(NF1) descrita por primera vez por von Recklinghausen en 1884, es una enfermedad de transmisión genética autosómica dominante, causada por un espectro de mutaciones en el gen NF-1, de evolución impredecible, que afecta múltiples órganos y sistemas, como la piel y el sistema nervioso, afectando también el desarrollo infantil y al estado neurocognitivo. Representa para el médico la toma de decisiones de manejo a menudo complejas, que requieren un enfoque multidisciplinario. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente femenino de 9 años de edad, con antecedente de neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Presenta masa en región cervical anterior, que ocupa además el hemitórax izquierdo, comprimiendo el mediastino anterior, la tráquea del lado izquierdo, el corazón, el pulmón izquierdo; la masa produce sintomatología: disnea, disfagia y dolor, por lo que se programa intervención quirúrgica para exéresis del tumor. Se realizó cervico-esternotomía- toracotomía izquierda, se extirpó masa de 12 x 7 cm, ubicada a nivel de cayado aórtico, íntimamente adherida a la columna vertebral cervico-torácica. EVOLUCIÓN: Durante el acto quirúrgico la paciente tuvo un sangrado cuantioso, proveniente de arteria colateral de carótida común izquierda, por lo que se decidió empaquetar para resolución posterior, 24 horas después se desempaquetó, logrando control del sangrado tras el procedimiento. Los resultados de anatomía patología establecieron que la masa fue un neurofibroma. El seguimiento posterior determinó mejoría de la sintomatología, sin complicaciones quirúrgicas tardías. CONCLUSIÓN: La Neurofibromatosis es una patología congénita, poco frecuente y de complejo manejo. Aunque no existe tratamiento definitivo para la neurofibromatosis tipo 1, se puede realizar un manejo integral para mejorar la calidad de vida del paciente. Los tumores pueden extirparse mediante cirugía, aunque a menudo vuelven a crecer.(au)

BACKGROUND: Neurofibromatosis type 1, first described by von Recklinghausen in 1884, is an autosomal dominant genetically transmitted disease, caused by a spectrum of mutations in the NF-1 gen, with unpredictable evolution, that affects multiple organs and systems, such as the skin and the nervous system, also affecting child development and neurocognitive functions. It often requires complex management decisions from the physician that involve a multidisciplinary approach. CASE REPORTS: 9 year old female patient with a history of type 1 neurofibromatosis. She presented with a mass located in the anterior cervical region, occupying also the left hemithorax, compressing the anterior mediastinum, the trachea from its left side, the heart, and the left lung; the mass produced symptoms: dyspnea, dysphagia and pain, so surgical excision of the mass was scheduled. A left cervical-sternotomy-thoracotomy was performed, a 12 x 7cm mass, located at aortic arch level, closely adhered to the cervical-thoracic spine, was excised. EVOLUTION: During the surgical procedure, the patient had profuse bleeding, coming form the left common carotid colateral artery, so abdominal packing was performed, for later resolution. 24 hours later, bleeding control was achieved after the surgical re-intervention. The pathology lab results established that the mass was in fact a neurofibroma. Subsequent follow-up determined symptoms improvement, without late surgical complications. CONCLUSIONS: Neurofibromatosis is a congenital infrequent, disease, with a complex treatment. Although there is no definitive treatment for type 1 neurofibromatosis, comprehensive management can be achieved to improve the patient's quality of life. Tumors can be surgically removed, although they often grow back.(au)

Neuroibromatosis tipo l: relación genotipo-fenotipo / Type 1 neurofibromatosis: genotype-phenotype relationship

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurofibromatosis (enfermedad de von Recklinghausen) es una enfermedad autosómica dominante que presenta principalmente manifestaciones cutáneas y neurológicas. El objetivo es describir actualmente si existe o no relación entre las mutaciones encontradas en los pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y las características clínicas que presentan. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un artículo de revisión narrativa para evaluar la relación con el genotipo y fenotipo de los pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Se revisaron las bases de datos PubMed, Embase y Lilacs. Se utilizaron los siguientes términos Mesh: Neurofibromatosis, neurofibromatosis tipo 1, genes, genotipo, fenotipo, mutaciones, secuenciación de exoma. Los estudios identificados fueron revisados y analizados. Se presentan los datos de manera cualitativa. RESULTADOS: De 425 artículos, 62 contenían la información necesaria para hacer el análisis. A pesar de que algunos estudios han presentado evidencia de asociación en relación a las mutaciones encontradas y la clínica, realmente no existe una correlación genotipo-fenotipo comprobada en neurofibromatosis tipo 1. Esto sugiere que para los fenotipos discordantes con genotipo similar existen otros factores que deben considerarse tales como la epigenética, alteraciones genéticas o incluso factores ambientales. CONCLUSIONES: Es necesario realizar estudios con cohortes más grande de pacientes para seguir estudiando si existe una relación directa o no.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION: Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease) is an autosomal dominant disease that mainly presents cutaneous and neurological manifestations. The objective is to describe if there is a relationship between the mutations found in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and the clinical characteristics they present. METHODS: A narrative review of the literature was carried out in relation to the genotype and phenotype of patients with Neurofibromatosis type 1 using PubMed, Embase, and Lilacs. The following Mesh terms were used: Neurofibromatosis, neurofibromatosis type 1, genes, genotype, phenotype, mutations, exome sequencing. The identified studies were reviewed and analyzed. Data are presented qualitatively RESULTS: Of 425 articles, 62 contained the information necessary to make the analysis. Although some studies have presented evidence of association in relation to the mutations found and the clinical one, there is still no proven genotype-phenotype correlation in neurofibromatosis type 1. This suggests that, for discordant phenotypes with a similar genotype, there are other factors that must be considered such as epigenetics, genetic alterations or even environmental factors. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to perform studies with larger cohort of patients to continue studying whether there is a direct relationship or not.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Relevance of the Cutaneous Manifestations of Neurofibromatosis Type 2. / Manifestaciones cutáneas de la neurofibromatosis tipo 2: interés diagnóstico y pronóstico.

Neurofibromatosis type 2 is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease with complete penetrance. It gives rise to multiple central and peripheral nervous system tumors, ocular alterations, and various types of skin lesion. In general, neither dermatologists nor other specialists have in-depth knowledge of the clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 2. In some cases, this can lead to delayed diagnosis, which can increase morbidity and mortality. We describe the less well known clinical manifestations of NF2, focusing particularly on skin lesions specific to this disease. Identification of these lesions, when present, can facilitate diagnosis.

Implicaciones anestésicas en la enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen / Anaesthetic implications in Von Recklinghausen disease: A case report

Von Recklinghausen disease or neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disease with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. Neurofibromas are the characteristic lesions. This disorder is associated with important anaesthetic considerations, mainly when neurofibromas occur in the oropharynx and larynx, leading to difficult laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. We describe the anaesthetic management of a patient with NF1 under general anaesthesia for facial neurofibroma excision. We performed a brief review of the literature with the aim of optimizing the anaesthetic management and reducing the number of complications associated with the systemic manifestations of this syndrome.

La enfermedad de Von Recklinghausen (EVR) o neurofibromatosis tipo I (NF1) es una enfermedad con herencia autosómica dominante con un amplio espectro de manifestaciones clínicas. Los neurofibromas son las lesiones características. Este trastorno se asocia con importantes consideraciones anestésicas, principalmente cuando los neurofibromas aparecen en la orofaringe y laringe, produciendo dificultades en la laringoscopia y en la intubación endotraqueal. Describimos el manejo anestésico de un paciente con NF1 bajo anestesia general para extirpación de neurofibromas faciales. Hemos realizado un breve repaso de la literatura existente para optimizar el manejo anestésico y reducir el número de complicaciones asociadas con las manifestaciones sistémicas de este síndrome.

[Minor phenotypic variants in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia from west Mexico]. / Variantes fenotípicas menores en pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda del occidente de México.

INTRODUCTION: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been associated with an excess of minor phenotypic variants (MPV), including common variants and minor anomalies, indicative of an altered phenogenesis. The objective of the study was to determine the association between MPV and ALL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a hospital based case-control study, we studied 120 children with ALL (including standard and high risk) and 120 healthy children as a control group, matched for age and sex, seen in the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca (Guadalajara, Mexico). In both groups, 28 anthropometric measurements were made, as well as a systematic search for 405 MPV, through a physical examination. Adjusted odds ratio was estimated (aOR) with its intervening variables by logistic regression. The confidence interval was 95% (95%CI). RESULTS: Anthropometric signs associated with ALL were: long upper segment (aOR= 2.19, 95%CI: 1.01-4.76), broad jaw (aOR= 2.62, 95%CI: 1.29-5.30), narrow ears (aOR= 6.22, 95%CI: 2.60-14.85), and increase in internipple distance (aOR= 2.53, 95%CI: 1.07-5.98). The hypoplasia mesofacial, broad forehead, small nose, short columella, narrow ears, telethelia, Sydney crease (SC), Greek type feet and café-au-lait spots (CALS), had a 3 to 17 times higher frequency in children with ALL. By number, an association was found from ≥4 MPV (aOR= 2.14, 95%CI: 1.25-3.66, P=.004). CONCLUSIONS: From ≥4 MPV, an association was found with ALL, suggesting prenatal factors in phenogenesis and leukemogenesis. CALS and SC were confirmed as MPV in children with ALL.

LEOPARD syndrome without hearing loss or pulmonary stenosis: a report of 2 cases.

LEOPARD syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease caused by germline mutations in the RAS-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway. LEOPARD is an acronym for the main manifestations of the syndrome, namely, multiple Lentigines, Electrocardiographic conduction abnormalities, Ocular hypertelorism, Pulmonary stenosis, Abnormalities of genitalia, Retardation of growth, and sensorineural Deafness. None of these characteristic features, however, are pathognomonic of LEOPARD syndrome, and since they are highly variable, they are often not present at the time of diagnosis. We describe 2 cases of LEOPARD syndrome without hearing loss or pulmonary stenosis in which diagnosis was confirmed by identification of a mutation in the PTPN11 gene. Regular monitoring is important for the early detection of complications, as these can occur at any time during the course of disease.

Unroofed coronary sinus in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 / Seno coronario sin techo en paciente con neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 / Seio coronario sem teto em paciente com neurofibromatose do tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: To report the uncommon association between neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and unroofed coronary sinus. CASE DESCRIPTION: Girl with four years and six months old who was hospitalized for heart surgery. The cardiac problem was discovered at four months of life. On physical examination, the patient presented several café-au-lait spots in the trunk and the limbs and freckling of the axillary and groin regions. Her father had similar skin findings, suggesting the NF1 diagnosis. The cardiac evaluation by echocardiography disclosed an atrial septal defect of unroofed coronary sinus type. This cardiac finding was confirmed at surgery. The procedure consisted of the atrial septal defect repair with autologous pericardium. COMMENTS: NF1 is a common autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the NF1 gene. Among the NF1 findings, congenital heart defects are considered unusual. In the literature review, there was no association between NF1 and unroofed coronary sinus, which is a rare cardiac malformation, characterized by a communication between the coronary sinus and the left atrium, resultant from the partial or total absence of the coronary sinus roof. It represents less than 1% of atrial septal defect cases. More reports are important to determine if this association is real or merely casual, since NF1 is a common condition. .

OBJETIVO: Subrayar la asociación poco común entre neurofibromatosis de tipo 1 (NF1) y seno coronario sin techo. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL CASO: Niña de cuatro años y seis meses, hospitalizada para realización de cirugía cardíaca. Se descubrió el problema cardíaco con cuatro meses de vida. En el examen físico, la paciente presentaba varias manchas café con leche en el tronco y en los miembros y lentigos axilares e inguinales. El padre poseía alteraciones de piel semejantes, siendo posible el diagnóstico de NF1. La evaluación cardiaca mediante ecocardiograma reveló comunicación interatrial de tipo seno coronario sin techo. Esos hallazgos cardiacos fueron confirmados en la cirugía. El procedimiento constituye en la reparación del defecto del septo atrial con pericardio autólogo. COMENTARIOS: NF1 es una enfermedad autosómica dominante común causada por mutaciones del gene NF1. Entre los hallazgos de NF1, los defectos cardiacos congénitos son considerados poco comunes. En la revisión de la literatura, no hubo asociación entre NF1 y el seno coronario sin techo, que es una malformación cardiaca rara caracterizada por la comunicación entre el seno coronario y el atrio izquierdo, resultante de la ausencia parcial o total del techo del seno coronario, representando menos del 1% de los casos de defecto del septo atrial. Más relatos son importantes para determinar si esa asociación es real o solamente casual, ya que NF1 es una condición común. .

OBJETIVO: Relatar a associação incomum entre neurofibromatose do tipo 1 (NF1) e seio coronário sem teto. DESCRIÇÃO DO CASO: Menina de quatro anos e seis meses, hospitalizada para realização de cirurgia cardíaca. O problema cardíaco foi descoberto com quatro meses de vida. No exame físico, a paciente apresentava várias manchas café com leite no tronco e nos membros e efélides axilares e inguinais. O pai possuía alterações de pele semelhantes, sendo possível o diagnóstico de NF1. A avaliação cardíaca por meio do ecocardiograma revelou comunicação interatrial do tipo seio coronário sem teto. Esses achados cardíacos foram confirmados na cirurgia. O procedimento consistiu na reparação do defeito do septo atrial com pericárdio autólogo. COMENTÁRIOS: A NF1 é uma doença autossômica dominante comum causada por mutações no gene NF1. Dentre os achados da NF1, os defeitos cardíacos congênitos são considerados pouco comuns. Na revisão da literatura, não houve associação entre a NF1 e o seio coronário sem teto, o qual é uma malformação cardíaca rara caracterizada pela comunicação entre o seio coronário e o átrio esquerdo, resultante da ausência parcial ou total do teto do seio coronário, representando menos de 1% dos casos de defeito do septo atrial. Mais relatos são importantes para determinar se essa associação é real ou apenas casual, já que a NF1 é uma condição comum. .

Caracterización de una serie de pacientes con neurofibromatosis tipo I atendidos en el Hospital Luis Calvo Mackenna / Characterization of a series of patients with neurofibromatosis type I attended at the Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital

Las neurofibromatosis (NF) son un grupo de enfermedades neurocutáneas de origen genético y transmisión autosómica dominante. La más frecuente es la neurofibromatosis tipo I (NF I), presente en el 85% de todos los casos. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de NF I controlados en nuestro hospital.Materiales y métodos: Se presenta una serie de 29 pacientes con NF I controlados en la unidad de Dermatología entre los años 2005 y 2010.Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 8 años. Trece pacientes (45%) fueron de sexo masculino. Doce pacientes (41%) presentaron el antecedente de familiares directos con NF I. La presencia de 6 o más manchas café con leche se observó en 28 pacientes (97%), mientras el signo de Crowe estuvo presente en 25 pacientes (86%), los nódulos de Lisch en 13 casos (45%) y los neurofibromas en 9 pacientes (31%). El glioma del nervio óptico se presentó en 2 pacientes (7%) y un caso presentó displasia de la tibia izquierda. Quince pacientes (52%) presentaron otras manifestaciones clínicas. Discusión: La NF I no tiene un tratamiento específico. Sin embargo, la cirugía puede ser útil en las lesiones tumorales que comprimen estructuras de importancia o en aquellas que tienen repercusión estética. El enfoque de los pacientes con múltiples manchas café con leche debe ser periódico e interdisciplinario, y requiere de una evaluación inicial llevada a cabo por un dermatólogo, un neurólogo y un oftalmólogo. Si se confirma la enfermedad, es necesaria la evaluación ortopédica, cardiológica, genética y del pediatra general.

The neurofibromatosis (NF) is a group of neurocutaneous diseases of genetic origin with autosomal dominant transmission. The most common is type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF I), responsible for 85% of all cases. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical characteristics of patients with NF I seen at our hospital.Materials and methods: We present a series of 29 patients with NF I controlled dermatology unit between 2005 and 2010. Results: The average age of the patients was 8 years. Thirteen patients (45%) were male. Twelve patients (41%) had a history of family members with NF I. The presence of 6 or more “café au lait” spots was observed in 28 patients (97%), while Crowe’s sign was detected in 25 patients (86%), Lisch nodules in 13 patients (45%) and neurofibroma in 9 patients (31%). The optic nerve glioma was found in 2 patients (7%) and 1 patient had dysplasia of the left tibia. Fifteen patients (52%) had other clinical manifestations.Discussion: NF I does not have a specific treatment. However, surgery may be useful in tumor lesions that compress significant structures or those that have aesthetic impact. The approach to patients with multiple “café au lait” spots should be periodic and interdisciplinary and should consider initial evaluation by a dermatologist, a neurologist and an ophthalmologist. If the NF 1 is confirmed, further evaluation by orthopedics, cardiologist, genetics and general pediatrician is necessary.

Neurofibromatosis tipo 1 (NF1): [revisión] / Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): [review]

La neurofibromatosis tipo 1 es la genodermatosis más común, heredada de manera autosómica dominante. Presenta una distribución mundial y no tiene predominio racial. Afecta fundamentalmente la piel, los ojos y los sistemas nervioso y esquelético. El presente trabajo consiste en una revisión sobre su patogénesis, manifestaciones clínicas, criterios diagnósticos, tratamiento y pronóstico.

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is the most common genodermatosis, inherited in an autosomal dominant way. It has a worldwide distribution and has no racial predilection. Skin, eyes, nervous system and bones are usually affected. The present work reviews its pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, treatment and prognoses.